An Apple and Acáchul Berry Snack Rich in Bioaccessible Antioxidants and Folic Acid: A Healthy Alternative for Prenatal Diets.

A fruit leather (apple and acáchul berry) oriented toward women of reproductive age was developed. The snack was supplemented with an ingredient composed of folic acid (FA) and whey proteins (WPI) to ensure the required vitamin intake to prevent fetal neural tube defects. In order to generate a low-calorie snack, alternative sweeteners were used (stevia and maltitol). The fruit leather composition was determined. Also, an in vitro digestion process was carried out to evaluate the bioaccessibility of compounds with antioxidant capacity (AC), total polyphenols (TPCs), total monomeric anthocyanins (ACY), and FA. The quantification of FA was conducted by a microbiological method and by HPLC. The leather contained carbohydrates (70%) and antioxidant compounds, mainly from fruits. Bioaccessibility was high for AC (50%) and TPCs (90%), and low for ACY (17%). Regarding FA, bioaccessibility was higher for WPI-FA (50%) than for FA alone (37%), suggesting that WPI effectively protected the vitamin from processing and digestion. Furthermore, the product was shown to be non-cytotoxic in a Caco-2 cell model. The developed snack is an interesting option due to its low energy intake, no added sugar, and high content of bioactive compounds. Also, the supplementation with WPI-FA improved the conservation and bioaccessibility of FA.

Excito-repellent and Pesticide-Likeness Properties of Essential Oils on Carpophilus dimidiatus (Fabricius) (Nitidulidae) and Oryzaephilus mercator (L.) (Silvanidae).

Carpophilus dimidiatus (Fabricius) (Nitidulidae) and Oryzaephilus mercator (L.) (Silvanidae) are insect pests that cause severe damage in important walnut growing regions in the northwest of Argentina. The current management approaches for these pests involve the use of unsafe phosphorus pesticides whose overuse have led to farmworker poisoning, pest resistance issues, and environmental contamination. Plant extracts, particularly essential oils, are an alternative source of insect control agents. Excito-repellent essential oils can be used to develop ecofriendly tools for managing the pest population without affecting quality and visual appearance of the stored walnuts. Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the excito-repellent effects of C. dimidiatus and O. mercator of 12 essential oils derived from aromatic plants used as food additives and traditional medicine in Argentina: Aloysia citrodora (AC), Aloysia gratissima (AG), Aloysia gratissima var. Gratissima (AGG), Blepharocalyx salicipholius (BS), Hyptis mutabilis (HM), Lippia junelliana (LJ), Lippia turbinata (LT), Mentha x piperita (MP), Minthostachys mollis (MM), Minthostachys verticillata (MV), Origanum vulgare(OV), and Rosmarinus officinalis (RO). The most bioactive EOs (ERijk ≥ 70%) were Aloysia gratissima var. Gratissima (AGG), Minthostachys verticillata, and Lippia junelliana. Their bioactivity profile and chemical space, characterized from GC-MS measures, Generalized Estimating Equations, and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, revealed that they are mixtures of very functionalized molecules with physicochemical properties similar to those of insecticides with low residual property that enter the insect body through the respiratory system by inhalation. The AGG, MV, and LJ oils are promising as protective agents of walnut products. In our laboratory, studies of their formulations for use in integrated pest management programs are still ongoing.

Association between COVID-19 and outstanding academic performance at a Spanish university.

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 identified in December 2019, an acute infectious respiratory disease that can cause persistent neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms such as headache, fatigue, myalgias difficulty concentrating, among others including acute cerebrovascular disease with a prevalence of 1-35%. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 in undergraduate students on their academic performance as an indicator of their intellectual ability and performance in a university that maintained 100% face-to-face teaching during the 2020-2021 academic year. METHODS: A total of 7,039 undergraduate students were analyzed in a prospective cohort study at the University of Navarra. A questionnaire including sociodemographic and behavioral questions was sent. PCRs were performed throughout the academic year for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and students' academic results were provided by the academic center, adjusted descriptive and multivariate models were performed to assess the association. RESULTS: A total of 658 (9.3%) participants were diagnosed with COVID-19, almost 4.0% of them achieved outstanding academic results, while uninfected students did so in 7.3%. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a significant decrease in having outstanding academic results (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.38-0.86). CONCLUSION: Having COVID-19 disease, decreased academic performance in undergraduate students. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent infection even in the youngest sections of the population.

Asociación entre el estado nutricional y función pulmonar en niños sin enfermedad respiratoria

La desnutrición es una condición caracterizada por la carencia, sobreabundancia o desequilibrio en la ingesta de energía y nutrientes, con efectos significativos en el crecimiento, desarrollo y estatus socioeconómico de las personas, especialmente en madres, bebés y niños. Objetivo. Comparar la asociación entre el estado nutricional y la función pulmonar en niños sin enfermedad respiratoria. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de estudios observacionales utilizando bases de datos como Medline (Pubmed), SciELO y Web of Science, empleando un algoritmo de búsqueda que involucró los términos "estado nutricional", "niños" y "enfermedades respiratorias" para posteriomente realizar un análisis crítico entre las dos variables mencionadas en el objetivo a desarrollar en este estudio. Conclusión. Los hallazgos revelaron que la nutrición desempeña un papel fundamental en la salud respiratoria, ya que la desnutrición aumenta el riesgo de infecciones respiratorias, y a su vez, las infecciones pueden llevar a una malnutrición. Además, la desnutrición afecta la función y estructura pulmonar, así como la capacidad del sistema inmunológico para combatir las infecciones. En consecuencia, es crucial asegurar una nutrición adecuada para prevenir y tratar las enfermedades respiratorias en la población infantil.

Malnutrition is a condition characterized by a lack, overabundance or imbalance in energy and nutrient intake, with significant effects on the growth, development and socioeconomic status of individuals, especially mothers, infants and children. Objective. To compare the association between nutritional status and lung function in children without respiratory disease. Methodology. A narrative review of observational studies was carried out using databases such as Medline (Pubmed), SciELO and Web of Science, using a search algorithm that involved the terms "nutritional status", "children" and "respiratory diseases" to subsequently perform a critical analysis between the two variables mentioned in the objective to be developed in this study. Conclusion. The findings revealed that nutrition plays a key role in respiratory health, as malnutrition increases the risk of respiratory infections, and in turn, infections can lead to malnutrition. In addition, malnutrition affects lung function and structure, as well as the immune system's ability to fight infections. Consequently, it is crucial to ensure adequate nutrition to prevent and treat respiratory diseases in the pediatric population.

A subnutrição é uma condição caracterizada pela falta, superabundância ou desequilíbrio na ingestão de energia e nutrientes, com efeitos significativos sobre o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a situação socioeconômica dos indivíduos, especialmente mães, bebês e crianças. Objetivo. Comparar a associação entre o estado nutricional e a função pulmonar em crianças sem doença respiratória. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa de estudos observacionais em bases de dados como Medline (Pubmed), SciELO e Web of Science, utilizando um algoritmo de busca envolvendo os termos "estado nutricional", "crianças" e "doenças respiratórias" para, posteriormente, realizar uma análise crítica entre as duas variáveis mencionadas no objetivo a ser desenvolvido neste estudo. Conclusão. Os resultados revelaram que a nutrição desempenha um papel fundamental na saúde respiratória, pois a desnutrição aumenta o risco de infecções respiratórias e, por sua vez, as infecções podem levar à desnutrição. Além disso, a desnutrição afeta a função e a estrutura pulmonar, bem como a capacidade do sistema imunológico de combater infecções. Consequentemente, é fundamental garantir uma nutrição adequada para prevenir e tratar doenças respiratórias na população pediátrica.

Classification, quality characteristics, sensory perception and texture prediction of wooden breast myopathy in broilers from Argentina.

The objective of this study was to characterize the wooden breast (WB) myopathy in the poultry industry, and establish degrees of severity by analyzing the composition and important characteristics of meat quality. 175 chickens from the COBB-500 commercial line were analyzed, and three WB categories were established: normal, moderate, and severe. The prevalence was: 4.00% severe, 46.29% moderate, and 49.71% normal, and it was affected by sex and weight. The WB characterization was carried out on 7 breasts of each WB degree. A decrease in protein and ashes, an increase in fat and loss of water by dripping, and color changes were observed as the degree of severity advanced. The texture was evaluated by instrumental, sensory, and image analysis techniques. Severe samples showed alterations in compression test, cohesiveness and juiciness, together with significant differences on the parameters, "contrast" and "energy". A characterization of WB myopathy was achieved for the first time in Argentina. The decline in meat quality could lead to industrial losses. Image analysis proved to be a promising technique for differentiating the severity of WB myopathy in raw chicken. Differences between raw and cooked samples were detected, thus both types of meat should be studied in detail. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05608-9.

Guidelines for mouse and human DC functional assays.

This article is part of the Dendritic Cell Guidelines article series, which provides a collection of state-of-the-art protocols for the preparation, phenotype analysis by flow cytometry, generation, fluorescence microscopy, and functional characterization of mouse and human dendritic cells (DC) from lymphoid organs and various non-lymphoid tissues. Recent studies have provided evidence for an increasing number of phenotypically distinct conventional DC (cDC) subsets that on one hand exhibit a certain functional plasticity, but on the other hand are characterized by their tissue- and context-dependent functional specialization. Here, we describe a selection of assays for the functional characterization of mouse and human cDC. The first two protocols illustrate analysis of cDC endocytosis and metabolism, followed by guidelines for transcriptomic and proteomic characterization of cDC populations. Then, a larger group of assays describes the characterization of cDC migration in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. The final guidelines measure cDC inflammasome and antigen (cross)-presentation activity. While all protocols were written by experienced scientists who routinely use them in their work, this article was also peer-reviewed by leading experts and approved by all co-authors, making it an essential resource for basic and clinical DC immunologists.

Bioaccessibility assay, antioxidant activity and consumer-oriented sensory analysis of Beta vulgaris by-product encapsulated in Ca(II)-alginate beads for different foods.

Bioaccessibility analysis and antioxidant activity along in vitro digestion and a consumer-oriented sensory analysis were conducted in three potential functional foods based on Ca(II)-alginate beads containing bioactive compounds extracted from beet stems. Ca(II)-alginate beads per se, and two selected products (cookies and turkish delights supplemented with the beads) were prepared. Regarding the beads, among the attributes rated by consumers, visual appreciation predominates, being color in the just-as-right (JAR) category and in the like preference. Instead, both flavor and sweet taste were attributes highly penalized and should be improved in beads to be accepted as food per se. A higher percentage of customers preferred cookies and turkish delights instead of only beads, considering global satisfaction. Regarding in vitro digestion, there was a significant content of phenolic compounds in the products with beads, showing a bioaccessibility greater than 80% (for cookies) and 26% (for turkish delights). Also, the antioxidant capacity measured by ABTS ranged between 50 and 109% for cookies and turkish delights, being lower when measured by FRAP (between 20 and 30%, respectively). Thus, including the beads with beet stem extract in both products leads to a significant increase in the content of phenolic compounds and in the antioxidant capacity compared to their counterparts, protecting the compound during oral and gastric phases. These results allow the generation of improved Ca(II)-alginate systems with promising functional properties for the development of ingredients and functional foods.

Dual TCR-α Expression on Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells as a Potential Confounder of TCR Interpretation.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that are highly abundant in human blood and tissues. Most MAIT cells have an invariant TCRα-chain that uses T cell receptor α-variable 1-2 (TRAV1-2) joined to TRAJ33/20/12 and recognizes metabolites from bacterial riboflavin synthesis bound to the Ag-presenting molecule MHC class I related (MR1). Our attempts to identify alternative MR1-presented Ags led to the discovery of rare MR1-restricted T cells with non-TRAV1-2 TCRs. Because altered Ag specificity likely alters affinity for the most potent known Ag, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU), we performed bulk TCRα- and TCRß-chain sequencing and single-cell-based paired TCR sequencing on T cells that bound the MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer with differing intensities. Bulk sequencing showed that use of V genes other than TRAV1-2 was enriched among MR1-5-OP-RU tetramerlow cells. Although we initially interpreted these as diverse MR1-restricted TCRs, single-cell TCR sequencing revealed that cells expressing atypical TCRα-chains also coexpressed an invariant MAIT TCRα-chain. Transfection of each non-TRAV1-2 TCRα-chain with the TCRß-chain from the same cell demonstrated that the non-TRAV1-2 TCR did not bind the MR1-5-OP-RU tetramer. Thus, dual TCRα-chain expression in human T cells and competition for the endogenous ß-chain explains the existence of some MR1-5-OP-RU tetramerlow T cells. The discovery of simultaneous expression of canonical and noncanonical TCRs on the same T cell means that claims of roles for non-TRAV1-2 TCR in MR1 response must be validated by TCR transfer-based confirmation of Ag specificity.

Ultrasound-guided distal minimally invasive metatarsal osteotomies (US-DMMO): A cadaveric study about its safety and accuracy.

BACKGROUND: Distal minimally invasive metatarsal osteotomies have become increasingly popular. This technique requires fluoroscopic control, but recently, an ultrasound-guided procedure has been described. The aim of this anatomical study was to assess the quality safety of ultrasound-guided minimally invasive metatarsal osteotomies. METHODS: Ultrasound-guided distal minimally invasive metatarsal osteotomies were performed in 9 cadaveric pieces. The location of the osteotomy, its angulation, and the adjacent anatomical structures injuries was evaluated RESULTS: Thirty-six osteotomies were performed. The osteotomy was metaphyseal in 97.2% of the cases, the average angulation was 47.67° (±4.49, 40-59°) and the average distance to the articular cartilage was 3.22 mm (±1.27, 1-7 mm). One osteotomy (2.8%) was intraarticular and there was one joint capsule lesion (2.8%). The failure, the extreme point distance and angulation values, and the joint capsule injury correspond to a fifth metatarsal. CONCLUSIONS: The ultrasound-guided technique is safe and allows a correct location and angulation of the osteotomies.

Pannexin Channel Regulation of Cell Migration: Focus on Immune Cells.

The role of Pannexin (PANX) channels during collective and single cell migration is increasingly recognized. Amongst many functions that are relevant to cell migration, here we focus on the role of PANX-mediated adenine nucleotide release and associated autocrine and paracrine signaling. We also summarize the contribution of PANXs with the cytoskeleton, which is also key regulator of cell migration. PANXs, as mechanosensitive ATP releasing channels, provide a unique link between cell migration and purinergic communication. The functional association with several purinergic receptors, together with a plethora of signals that modulate their opening, allows PANX channels to integrate physical and chemical cues during inflammation. Ubiquitously expressed in almost all immune cells, PANX1 opening has been reported in different immunological contexts. Immune activation is the epitome coordination between cell communication and migration, as leukocytes (i.e., T cells, dendritic cells) exchange information while migrating towards the injury site. In the current review, we summarized the contribution of PANX channels during immune cell migration and recruitment; although we also compile the available evidence for non-immune cells (including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, astrocytes, and cancer cells). Finally, we discuss the current evidence of PANX1 and PANX3 channels as a both positive and/or negative regulator in different inflammatory conditions, proposing a general mechanism of these channels contribution during cell migration.

Fractura del cuerpo del astrágalo en un niño: a propósito de un caso / Talar body fracture in a 10-year-old boy. Case presentation

La fractura del cuerpo del astrágalo es un cuadro extremadamente raro en la población infantil, y se asocia con mecanismos de alta energía. Se trata de una lesión muy grave y tiene un manejo complejo para el cirujano ortopedista, no exento de complicaciones, como la necrosis avascular, la artrosis postraumática o la seudoartrosis. Presentamos a un niño de 10 años con una fractura-luxación del cuerpo del astrágalo, su manejo de urgencia, el tratamiento definitivo y la evaluación clínico-radiológica al año de la lesión. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Talar body fractures are an extremely rare presentation in children that are associated with high-energy trauma. They constitute devastating injuries and a management challenge for orthopedic surgeons, which could be further complicated by avascular necrosis, post-traumatic arthritis, and non-union. We report a case of a fracture-dislocation of the talar body in a 10-year-old boy, including emergency management, definitive treatment, and 1-year follow-up clinical and radiologic findings. Level of Evidence: IV

Needs and demands for psychological care in university students / Necesidades y demandas de atención psicológica en estudiantes universitarios

BACKGROUND: The interest of universities in promoting healthy habits and offering psychological assistance and treatment is the result of a desire to improve the quality of students' education and day-to-day lives. An analysis of students' needs and of the demand for psychological care is a prerequisite for implementing effective interventions. METHOD: A total of 706 second-year undergraduate students (MDage = 20.2; SD = 2.73) from all branches of knowledge of the University of Oviedo (Spain) were evaluated by means of standardized instruments. RESULTS: Results showed academic conditions to be the principal stressors and no distinctive behaviour profiles were found according to branch of studies; 44.7% showed levels of emotional distress indicative of anxiety and 13.5% of depression. The situations generating the greatest demand for psychological assistance were fear of speaking in public, requesting help regarding personal problems, distancing oneself from worries and emotions, and the promotion of healthy sleeping and eating habits. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention and treatment of psychological problems has consistently been shown to be a factor which enhances academic performance. The needs identified, shared by other university populations, underline the importance of providing specific psychological care in the university context

ANTECEDENTES: el interés de las universidades en promover hábitos saludables y ofrecer asesoramiento y tratamiento psicológico responde a la preocupación por mejorar la calidad de la enseñanza y de la vida cotidiana de los estudiantes. El análisis de necesidades y demandas de atención psicológica se plantea como condición previa para implementar actuaciones efectivas. MÉTODO: setecientos seis alumnos (MDedad = 20.2 años; SD = 2.73) de 2ª curso de Grado de todas las ramas de conocimiento de la Universidad de Oviedo (España) fueron evaluados mediante instrumentos estandarizados. RESULTADOS: las condiciones académicas resultaron ser los principales estresores y no se identificó un perfil de dificultades distintivo según la rama de estudios. Un 44,7% presentaron malestar emocional indicativo de ansiedad y un 13,5% de depresión. Las situaciones que mayor demanda de atención psicológica generan son miedo a hablar en público, solicitar ayuda en relación con los problemas personales, tomar distancia de las preocupaciones y emociones, y la promoción de hábitos de sueño y alimentación. CONCLUSIONES: la prevención y tratamiento de los problemas psicológicos se señala reiteradamente como factor promotor del rendimiento académico. Las necesidades identificadas, compartidas con otras poblaciones universitarias, justifican la conveniencia de proporcionar atención psicológica específica en el contexto universitario

Needs and demands for psychological care in university students.

BACKGROUND: The interest of universities in promoting healthy habits and offering psychological assistance and treatment is the result of a desire to improve the quality of students' education and day-to-day lives. An analysis of students' needs and of the demand for psychological care is a prerequisite for implementing effective interventions. METHOD: A total of 706 second-year undergraduate students (MDage = 20.2; SD = 2.73) from all branches of knowledge of the University of Oviedo (Spain) were evaluated by means of standardized instruments. RESULTS: Results showed academic conditions to be the principal stressors and no distinctive behaviour profiles were found according to branch of studies; 44.7% showed levels of emotional distress indicative of anxiety and 13.5% of depression. The situations generating the greatest demand for psychological assistance were fear of speaking in public, requesting help regarding personal problems, distancing oneself from worries and emotions, and the promotion of healthy sleeping and eating habits. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention and treatment of psychological problems has consistently been shown to be a factor which enhances academic performance. The needs identified, shared by other university populations, underline the importance of providing specific psychological care in the university context.

Preoperative and postoperative sagittal plane analysis in adult idiopathic scoliosis in patients older than 40 years of age.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Most of the papers correlate sagittal radiographic parameters with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores for patients with scoliosis. However, we do not know how changes in sagittal profile influence clinical outcomes after surgery in adult population operated for mainly frontal deformity. PURPOSE: This study aimed to analyze spinal sagittal profile in a population operated on adult idiopathic scoliosis (AS) and to describe variations in sagittal parameters after surgery and the association between those variations and clinical outcomes. DESIGN/SETTING: This is a historical cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE: We included in this study 40 patients operated on AS, older than 40 at the time of surgery (mean age 54.9), and with more than 2-year follow-up (mean 7.4 years). OUTCOME MEASURES: Full-length free-standing radiographs, Scoliosis Research Society 22 (SRS22) and Short Form 36 (SF36) instruments, and satisfaction with outcomes were available at final follow-up. METHODS: Sagittal preoperative and final follow-up radiographic parameters, radiographic correlation with HRQOL scores at final follow-up, and association between satisfaction and changes in sagittal profile were analyzed. A multivariate analysis was performed. No funds were received for this article. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the spinal sagittal plane tended to exhibit kyphosis. Most sagittal parameters did not improve at final follow-up with respect to preoperative values. We saw, after univariate analysis, that worse sagittal profile leads to worse HRQOL, but after multivariate analysis, only spinal tilt (ST) persisted as possible predictor for worse SRS activity scores. Frontal Cobb significantly improved. Most patients (82%) were satisfied with final outcomes. Variations in sagittal profile parameters did not differ between satisfied and dissatisfied patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although most sagittal plane parameters did not improve after surgery, surgical treatment in AS achieves a high satisfaction rate. Good clinical results do not correlate with improving sagittal plane parameters. Sagittal profile measurements are not helpful to decide surgical treatment in patients with mainly frontal deformity.

Fracturas periprotésicas de fémur en artroplastia total de rodilla: experiencia con técnica mínimamente invasiva / Peri-prosthetic femoral fractures in total knee arthroplasty: experience using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis

ANTECEDENTES: La fractura periprótesica de fémur en artroplastia total de rodilla supone uno de los mayores retos quirúrgicos. La tasa de complicaciones generales supera el 30% tanto con tratamiento conservador como con el quirúrgico. Parece que la técnica de osteosíntesis con placas bloqueadas de manera mínimamente invasiva ofrece buenos resultados para el tratamiento de las fracturas en las que no existe movilización del componente femoral. MÉTODOS: Se estudian retrospectivamente, desde enero de 2005 hasta diciembre del 2011, 32 pacientes, evaluando el tiempo de consolidación, el rango de movilidad, la deambulación y el alineamiento final mediante la realización de telemetrías en carga. El seguimiento medio fue de 56,5 meses (25-144). RESULTADOS: Se siguieron 32 pacientes (31 mujeres; un hombre) de los cuales el rango medio de edad fue de 77 años (70-89). Tres pacientes fallecieron (9%) y 4 pacientes (12%) se perdieron en la evolución final. La tasa media de consolidación fue de 16,5 semanas (8-24); no se produjeron infecciones, presentaron 3 seudoartrosis y solo se produjo un alineamiento en excesivo valgo (15°). El balance articular fue similar al previo a la fractura. La deambulación final fue igual a la previa en 24 de los 25 casos. CONCLUSIONES: Es una técnica adecuada para conseguir la consolidación en este tipo de fracturas y restablecer tanto la movilidad previa como un alineamiento correcto de la extremidad.

BACKGROUND: Peri-prosthetic fracture of the distal femur above total knee arthroplasty presents a challenging surgical problem for orthopaedic surgeons, as complication rates for both surgical and non-surgical treatment have been reported to be as high as 30%. The minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique seems to have better results than other techniques in this type of fracture when there is no loosening of the femoral implant. METHODS: A total of 32 patients with this fracture were treated from January 2005 to December 2011. A retrospective review was conducted on the weeks of consolidation, range of motion, final alignment, and the ability to walk. The mean follow up was 56.5 months (25-144). RESULTS: A total of 32 (31 female, 1 male) patients, with a mean age 77 (70-89) years old were treated, of whom 3 (9%) died and 4 were lost to follow-up. The mean time of consolidation was 16.5 weeks (8-24). There were no infections, although there were 3 non-unions and 1 malalignment (15° of valgus). We were able to restore the range of motion in every patient as it was before the fracture, as well as the ability to walk outdoors in 24 patients. CONCLUSION: The MIPO technique is a great technique in order to achieve a good range of motion and alignment of these fractures.

Paradoxical Expectation: Oscillatory Brain Activity Reveals Social Interaction Impairment in Schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: People with schizophrenia show social impairments that are related to functional outcomes. We tested the hypothesis that social interaction impairments in people with schizophrenia are related to alterations in the predictions of others' behavior and explored their underlying neurobiological mechanisms. METHODS: Electroencephalography was performed in 20 patients with schizophrenia and 25 well-matched control subjects. Participants played as proposers in the repeated version of the Ultimatum Game believing that they were playing with another human or with a computer. The power of oscillatory brain activity was obtained by means of the wavelet transform. We performed a trial-by-trial correlation between the oscillatory activity and the risk of the offer. RESULTS: Control subjects adapted their offers when playing with computers and tended to maintain their offers when playing with humans, as such revealing learning and bargaining strategies, respectively. People with schizophrenia presented the opposite pattern of behavior in both games. During the anticipation of others' responses, the power of alpha oscillations correlated with the risk of the offers made, in a different way in both games. Patients with schizophrenia presented a greater correlation in computer games than in human games; control subjects showed the opposite pattern. The alpha activity correlated with positive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal an alteration in social interaction in patients with schizophrenia that is related to oscillatory brain activity, suggesting maladjustment of expectation when patients face social and nonsocial agents. This alteration is related to psychotic symptoms and could guide further therapies for improving social functioning in patients with schizophrenia.

Prevención de transmisión vertical VIH: antirretrovirales y otros factores protectores / Prevention of vertical transmission HIV: antiretroviral and other protective factors

Estudiar los factores asociados a la prevención de la transmisión vertical VIH y su relación con la tasa de infección en niños. Estudio retrospectivo, analítico, observacional de la consulta de seguimiento VIH/Sida del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, período 2005-2010. Revisión de historias y fichas médicas de exposición perinatal VIH. Análisis estadístico descriptivo, cálculo de OR con intervalos de confianza de 95%. 321 niños incluidos. El diagnóstico de las madres VIH fue: 41,7% período preconcepcional, 41,7% gestación, 10,3% puerperio y 6,2% posnatal. 83,9% de las madres que recibieron tratamiento antrirretroviral durante gestación. 83,5% inició antes de las 34 semanas. 60,7% (n=195) de los neonatos fueron obtenidos por cesárea. 49,1% (n=158) de las madres recibieron zidovudina intraparto. 72,6% (n=238) de los neonatos inició adecuadamente zidovudina. 9% (n=28) recibió lactancia materna. Tasa general de transmisión VIH 5,6% (n=18), con ascenso en la tasa desde 1,4% (IC:0,18-5,20) en las diagnosticadas durante período preconcepcional, hasta 50,0% (IC:25,58-74,41) en posnatal. El acumulado de factores de protección resulta en menor tasa de infección con el cumplimiento de al menos 2 de ellos (P<0,05). El cumplimiento del tratamiento gestacional materno, zidovudina periparto, cesárea electiva, zidovudina neonatal y omisión de leche materna fueron factores protectores estadísticamente significativos para la prevención de la transmisión vertical VIH. El control prenatal y el cumplimiento del tratamiento antirretroviral gestacional materno, zidovudinaperiparto, cesárea electiva, zidovudina neonatal y omisión de leche materna son factores protectores efectivos para disminuir la transmisión vertical. El programa nacional de tratamiento antirretroviral para infección VIH debe continuar y optimizar su funcionamiento

Study the factors associated with the prevention of HIV vertical transmission and the relation with the rate of infection in children. Retrospective, analytic and observational study of the Infectious Pediatrics Consultation at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, during 2005 to 2010. Medical histories and data from the format of perinatal HIV exposition were revised. Descriptive analysis, OR calculation with confidence intervals of 95%. 321 children were included. The HIV diagnosis of mothers were: 41,7% in the preconceptional period, 41,7% in the gestational period, 10,3% in the puerperal period and 6,2% in the posnatal period. 83,9% of mothers who received antiretroviral treatment before birth. 72,6% (n=238) of the newborns used AZT, 9% received breastfeeding. Rate of HIV transmission was 5,6% (n=18). If diagnosis had been preconceptional, the rate was 1,4% (IC:0,18-5,20) and it increased to 50,0% (IC:25,58-74,41), in case of the posnatal diagnosis. The accomplishment of at least two protective factors resulted in a lower rate of infection (P<0,05). The gestational treatment, the AZT before birth, the elective cesarean, the AZT neonatal and the omission of breastfeeding were protective factors with statistical significance to prevent vertical transmission of HIV. The gestational treatment, the AZT before birth, the elective cesarean, the AZT neonatal and the omission of breastfeeding are protective factors effective to prevent HIV vertical transmission. The national program of antiretroviral treatment must be maintained and optimized

Someone has to give in: theta oscillations correlate with adaptive behavior in social bargaining.

During social bargain, one has to both figure out the others' intentions and behave strategically in such a way that the others' behaviors will be consistent with one's expectations. To understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these behaviors, we used electroencephalography while subjects played as proposers in a repeated ultimatum game. We found that subjects adapted their offers to obtain more acceptances in the last round and that this adaptation correlated negatively with prefrontal theta oscillations. People with higher prefrontal theta activity related to a rejection did not adapt their offers along the game to maximize their earning. Moreover, between-subject variation in posterior theta oscillations correlated positively with how individual theta activity influenced the change of offer after a rejection, reflecting a process of behavioral adaptation to the others' demands. Interestingly, people adapted better their offers when they knew that they where playing against a computer, although the behavioral adaptation did not correlate with prefrontal theta oscillation. Behavioral changes between human and computer games correlated with prefrontal theta activity, suggesting that low adaptation in human games could be a strategy. Taken together, these results provide evidence for specific roles of prefrontal and posterior theta oscillations in social bargaining.

Observación inicial del impacto de la vacuna antirotavirus sobre la morbi-mortalidad por diarreas en Venezuela 2002-2010 / Initial observation of the impact of rotavirus vaccine on diarrhea morbidity and mortality in Venezuela 2002-2010

Estudiar el impacto de la introducción de la vacuna antirrotavirus en el plan nacional de inmunización sobre morbi-mortalidad por diarreas en <1 año, 1-4 y >5 2002-2010. Fuente: Boletines epidemiológicos, Informes de inmunizaciones y Anuarios de Mortalidad de MInSalud/INE. Se analizaron datos en números absolutos y porcentuales. Se calcularon la tasa general y las específicas de <1 año, 1-4 y > 5, promedios y razones, aplicando T independiente con I.C 95% Excel2010® y Epidat3®. La morbilidad general por diarreas se mantiene estbale, alcanzando una tasa de 6,45 x 10 5 hab y la mortalidad desciendole desde 6,79 (2002), a 3,94 (2008). La cobertura vacunal inicial (2006) fue de 26%, ascendiendo a 60% (2010). Las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad en <5 años son 7 y 10 veces mayores, respectivamente, que en >5. Para todos, existe tendencia al descenso en mortalidad y estabilidad en morbilidad. Comparando tasas promediales antes y después de la vacunación, la disminución de la tasa de mortalidad en >5 años es estadísticamente significativa(T=2,68/P=0,04); para >5 años, no lo es. La enfermedad diarreica es un problema de salud pública. Después de introducir la vacuna al PAI se evidencia disminución en la mortalidad en > de 5 años, sin cambios en los > de 5 años. Debe mantenerse bajo vigilancia.

To study the impact of the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in national immunization plan over morbidity and mortalily from diarrhea in <1, 1-4 and > 5 years old patients, 2002-2010. Source: Epidemiological Bulletin, Immunization Reports and Yearbooks of Mortality MINSALUD/INE. Data were analyzed in absolute numbers and percentages. We calculated general and specific rates of < 1, 1-4 and > 5 years old children, averages and ratios by using T-independent IC 95%, Epidat3® and Excel2010®. The overall morbidity from diarrhea remains stable, reaching a rate of 6.45 x 10 5 hab. and mortality declined from 6.79 (2002) to 3.94 (2008). The initial vaccine coverage (2006) was 26%, reaching 60% (2010). The morbidity and morlality in >5 years old patients are 7 and 10 times higher, respectively, than in > 5 years old patients. For all, there is a downward trend in mortality and morbidity seems to be stable. Comparing mean rates before and after vaccination, the decline in mortality rate in < 5 years old patients is statistically significant (T=2.68/P=0.04), but for > 5 years old patients, it is not. Diarrheal disease is a public health problem. After introducing the vaccine into the EPI there is an evident decline in mortality in < 5 years old patients, with no changes in those > 5 years old. Surveillance plans should be kept.